en مشارکت مردمی در مدیریت پسماند شهری: تحلیل شکاف تمایل تا عمل در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه و ایران (مطالعه مرور نظام‌مند) عمومى General مرور ساختاریافته Systematic Review <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">زمینه و هدف:</span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> مشارکت مردمی رکن اصلی مدیریت پایدار پسماند شهری است. این مطالعه مروری نظام‌مند با هدف تحلیل سطح مشارکت، عوامل مؤثر و موانع آن در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه و ایران انجام شد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">روش بررسی:</span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> بر اساس</span></span></span> <span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PRISMA 2020</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">، جستجوی نظام‌مند در پایگاه‌های </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PubMed</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">، </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Scopus</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">، </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Web of Science</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">، </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Google Scholar</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> و</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> SID </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">با واژگان کلیدی </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Municipal Solid Waste Management</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">،</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Public Participation</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">،</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Developing Countries </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;و</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Iran </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;انجام شد. مطالعات کیفی، کمی و ترکیبی (</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۲۰25</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">&ndash;</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۲۰19) </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">وارد شدند. داده‌ها با سنتز روایی و تحلیل مفهومی</span></span></span> <span dir="LTR" style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Clarke & Braun</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">(</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۲۰۰۶</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">) بررسی شدند.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">یافته‌ها:</span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> از </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۲۳۱۰</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> مقاله، </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۳۰</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> مطالعه واجد شرایط (</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۲۰</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> ایران، </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۱۰</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> سایر کشورها) مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. کیفیت اکثر مطالعات متوسط تا بالا بود. در </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">73/3 </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">درصد</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">مطالعات، مشارکت متوسط گزارش شد. میانگین مشارکت در ایران </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">43/5</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">درصد</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">بود. آگاهی (فردی)، اعتماد به شهرداری (اجتماعی) و زیرساخت/شفافیت (مدیریتی) به عنوان عوامل مؤثر شناسایی شدند. موانع اصلی نیز؛ بی‌اعتمادی (</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۲۳</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> مطالعه)، فقدان زیرساخت (</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۲۰) </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">و عدم شفافیت (</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۱۸) بودند. </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">مدل مفهومی با سه محور عوامل، موانع و راهکارها طراحی گردید.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">نتیجه‌گیری:</span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"> علیرغم تمایل بالای شهروندان (تا </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">۷۰ درصد)</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">، مشارکت عملی متوسط تا پایین (</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">43/5 درصد) </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:">است. ریشه این شکاف، کم‌اعتمادی نهادی و عدم شفافیت است. بدون بازسازی اعتماد از طریق بازخورد، بهبود زیرساخت و آموزش کاهش تولید، راهبرد‌های تک‌بعدی شکست می‌خورند. مدل مفهومی چارچوبی برای گذار از مدیریت بالا به پایین به حکمرانی مشارکتی ارائه می‌دهد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Background and Objective: </span></span></b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Public participation is fundamental to sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM). This structured review analyzed participation levels, determinants, and barriers in developing countries, focusing on Iran.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Materials and Methods: </span></span></b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Following PRISMA 2020, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SID using terms: Municipal Solid Waste Management, Public Participation, Developing Countries, Iran. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies (2019&ndash;2025) were included. Data were synthesized via narrative synthesis and thematic analysis (Clarke & Braun, 2006).</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Results: </span></span></b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Of 2,310 records, 30 studies (20 Iran, 10 others) were included. Most were moderate to high quality. Participation was moderate in 73.3% of studies. Iran&rsquo;s average was 43.5%. Key determinants:<b> </b>awareness</span></span> <span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(individual), municipal trust (social), infrastructure/transparency (managerial). Main barriers: institutional distrust (23 studies), lack of source-separation infrastructure (20), recycling opacity (18). A conceptual model with three domains (determinants, barriers, strategies) was developed.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion: </span></span></b><span style="line-height:150%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Despite high willingness (up to 70%), actual participation remains moderate to low (43.5%). The core issue is institutional distrust and recycling opacity, not merely awareness deficits. Without trust-building via feedback, infrastructure upgrades, and shifting education from segregation to waste reduction, single-strategy approaches fail. The model offers policymakers a framework to shift from top-down to participatory, trust-based governance.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp;</div> مدیریت پسماند شهری, مشارکت مردمی, اعتماد نهادی, کشورهای درحال‌توسعه, ایران Municipal solid waste management, Public participation, Institutional trust, Developing countries, Iran 807 826 http://ijhe.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3033-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Ali Almasi علی الماسی alialmasi@yahoo.com No Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Policy, and Promotion Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran مرکز تحقیقات توسعه اجتماعی و ارتقاء سلامت، پژوهشکده سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران Samaneh Khademikia سمانه خادمی کیا samanehkhademikia@gmail.com Yes Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Policy, and Promotion Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran مرکز تحقیقات توسعه اجتماعی و ارتقاء سلامت، پژوهشکده سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران و کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران Fatemeh Rajati فاطمه رجعتی s.56789432@gmail.com No Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran گروه آموزش بهداشت و ارتقاء سلامت، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران